{"id":4291,"date":"2026-04-07T09:00:24","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T09:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bharatwisdom.com\/?page_id=4291"},"modified":"2026-04-12T15:38:30","modified_gmt":"2026-04-12T15:38:30","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bharatwisdom.com\/hi\/explore\/glossary\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0915\u094b\u0937"},"content":{"rendered":"

\ud83d\udd37 GLOSSARY<\/h1>\n
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\ud83d\udfe6 CONCEPTS<\/h2>\n
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\u0906\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0928<\/p>\n

The inner self or awareness.<\/p>\n

It refers to the observing aspect of experience, distinct from changing thoughts and conditions.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Atman page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0939\u094d\u092e<\/p>\n

The underlying reality.<\/p>\n

It is described as the fundamental basis of everything that exists.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Brahman page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/p>\n

Appropriate action based on context.<\/p>\n

It depends on role, situation, and understanding rather than fixed rules.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Dharma page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/p>\n

The principle of action and consequence.<\/p>\n

It emphasizes that actions lead to outcomes over time.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Karma page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u092e\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0937<\/p>\n

Clarity about the nature of self.<\/p>\n

It is often described as freedom from confusion rather than escape.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Moksha page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0906\u0930\u091f\u0940\u090f<\/p>\n

The underlying order of the universe.<\/p>\n

It reflects patterns and consistency in nature and existence.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Rta page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u092f\u091c\u094d\u091e<\/p>\n

A principle of exchange and contribution.<\/p>\n

It represents participation in a larger system through giving and receiving.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Yajna page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Samsara<\/p>\n

The cycle of change and experience.<\/p>\n

It refers to the ongoing process of actions and consequences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Avidya<\/p>\n

Lack of clarity or misunderstanding.<\/p>\n

It refers to confusion about the nature of self and reality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Jnana<\/p>\n

Knowledge or understanding.<\/p>\n

Often refers to insight into deeper aspects of reality.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83d\udfe6 PHILOSOPHY<\/h2>\n
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Darshana<\/p>\n

A philosophical system or viewpoint.<\/p>\n

Each Darshana offers a structured way of understanding reality.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Darshanas page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Sankhya<\/p>\n

A system analyzing reality into components.<\/p>\n

It distinguishes between observer and observed.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Sankhya page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/p>\n

A method for refining awareness.<\/p>\n

It focuses on discipline and clarity of experience.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Yoga page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0935\u0947\u0926\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/p>\n

A system exploring the relationship between self and reality.<\/p>\n

It builds on concepts like Atman and Brahman.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Vedanta page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f<\/p>\n

A system of logic and reasoning.<\/p>\n

It examines how knowledge is formed and validated.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Nyaya page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Metaphysics<\/p>\n

The study of reality.<\/p>\n

It asks what exists and what is fundamental.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Ethics & Metaphysics page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Ethics<\/p>\n

The study of action and conduct.<\/p>\n

It examines how decisions are made in context.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Ethics & Metaphysics page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Pramana<\/p>\n

Means of acquiring knowledge.<\/p>\n

Includes perception, inference, and testimony.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Prakriti<\/p>\n

The material aspect of reality.<\/p>\n

It includes all changing phenomena.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Purusha<\/p>\n

The observing principle.<\/p>\n

It represents awareness distinct from matter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83d\udfe6 SCRIPTURES<\/h2>\n
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Vedas<\/p>\n

Ancient collections of hymns and reflections.<\/p>\n

They form an early layer of preserved knowledge.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Vedas & Upanishads page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Upanishads<\/p>\n

Texts focused on inquiry into self and reality.<\/p>\n

Often presented as dialogues.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Vedas & Upanishads page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u092d\u093e\u0917\u0935\u0926 \u0917\u0940\u0924\u093e<\/p>\n

A dialogue on action and understanding.<\/p>\n

It explores decision-making in complex situations.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Bhagavad Gita page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e<\/p>\n

Narrative texts like Ramayana and Mahabharata.<\/p>\n

They explore action and consequence through story.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Itihasa page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Ramayana<\/p>\n

A narrative centered on duty and structured action.<\/p>\n

It presents clarity in decision-making.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Itihasa page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Mahabharata<\/p>\n

A complex narrative of conflict and choice.<\/p>\n

It examines ambiguity and consequence.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Itihasa page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Dharma Shastra<\/p>\n

Texts on social order and conduct.<\/p>\n

They interpret Dharma in practical contexts.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Dharma Shastras page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Shruti<\/p>\n

That which is heard.<\/p>\n

Refers to texts considered foundational, like the Vedas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Smriti<\/p>\n

That which is remembered.<\/p>\n

Refers to later texts based on interpretation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Purana<\/p>\n

Narrative texts explaining concepts through stories.<\/p>\n

Often symbolic and interpretive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83d\udfe6 HISTORY<\/h2>\n
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Indus Valley Civilization<\/p>\n

An ancient urban civilization.<\/p>\n

Known for planned cities and advanced systems.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Ancient History page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0935\u0948\u0926\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0917<\/p>\n

A period associated with Vedic texts.<\/p>\n

It marks early development of key ideas.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Vedic Age page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Archaeo-astronomy<\/p>\n

Study of astronomical references in texts.<\/p>\n

Used to estimate historical timelines.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Archaeo-Astronomy page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Aryan Invasion Theory<\/p>\n

An older model suggesting external invasion.<\/p>\n

Now largely rejected.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Timeline page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Aryan Migration Theory<\/p>\n

A model proposing gradual movement.<\/p>\n

Still debated.<\/p>\n

\u2192 See: Timeline page<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Out of India Theory<\/p>\n

A perspective suggesting local origin of Vedic culture.<\/p>\n

Part of ongoing discussion.<\/p>\n

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Sapta Sindhu<\/p>\n

Region of seven rivers.<\/p>\n

Often referenced in early texts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Saraswati River<\/p>\n

A river described in Vedic texts.<\/p>\n

Its historical identification is debated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83d\udfe6 GENERAL<\/h2>\n
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Sanatana Dharma<\/p>\n

An ongoing or eternal framework.<\/p>\n

Refers to continuity rather than fixed structure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Guru<\/p>\n

A teacher or guide.<\/p>\n

Traditionally one who clarifies understanding.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Ashrama<\/p>\n

Stages of life.<\/p>\n

Each stage has different roles and responsibilities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Varna<\/p>\n

A classification system.<\/p>\n

Originally linked to roles, later became more rigid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Tapas<\/p>\n

Discipline or focused effort.<\/p>\n

Often associated with self-refinement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Shraddha<\/p>\n

Attention and trust.<\/p>\n

A quality required for learning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Mantra<\/p>\n

A structured sound or phrase.<\/p>\n

Used for focus and reflection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Puja<\/p>\n

A form of ritual or offering.<\/p>\n

Represents interaction with the sacred.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Dhyana<\/p>\n

Meditation or sustained attention.<\/p>\n

A method for observing the mind.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Samadhi<\/p>\n

A state of deep absorption.<\/p>\n

Described in yogic practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Bhakti<\/p>\n

A path based on devotion.<\/p>\n

Emphasizes emotional connection.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Jnana Yoga<\/p>\n

A path of knowledge.<\/p>\n

Focuses on inquiry and understanding.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":4209,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4291","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\r\nGlossary - BharatWisdom<\/title>\r\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\r\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bharatwisdom.com\/hi\/explore\/glossary\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hi_IN\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Glossary - BharatWisdom\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bharatwisdom.com\/hi\/explore\/glossary\/\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"BharatWisdom\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/BharatWisdom\" \/>\r\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-12T15:38:30+00:00\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\r\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 \u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f\" \/>\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bharatwisdom.com\\\/explore\\\/glossary\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.bharatwisdom.com\\\/explore\\\/glossary\\\/\",\"name\":\"Glossary - 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